76 research outputs found
Evry Leon Schatzman
This article describes the life and work of French astrophysicist Evry
Schatzman (1920-2010). He was a pioneer in the study of white dwarfs during the
1940s and was one of the proponents of the wave heating theory of the solar
corona. He made important contributions to the fields of internal stellar
structure, novae, mechanisms of acceleration of cosmic rays, the role of
turbulent diffusion in stellar evolution and its consequences for the lithium
abundance, and the rate of solar neutrinos. Schatzman is mostly recognized as
the creator of the French school of theoretical astrophysics. Although he was
not the first theoretician of astrophysics in his country, he was the first to
have felt the need for a rapid development of this subject in France, and the
first to teach it and to guide the path of many young researchers. Many of them
became involved, and some leaders, in space science.Comment: 5 pages. Published in Biographical Encyclopedia of Astronomers,
Thomas Hockey (ed.), 201
Editorial note to "A Homogeneous Universe of Constant Mass and Increasing Radius accounting for the Radial Velocity of Extra--Galactic Nebulae" by Georges Lema\^itre (1927)
This is an editorial note to accompany printing as a Golden Oldie in the
Journal of General Relativity and Gravitation of the fundamental article by
Georges Lema\^itre first published in French in 1927, in which the author
provided the first explanation of the observations on the recession velocities
of galaxies as a natural consequence of dynamical cosmological solutions of
Einstein's field equations, and discovered the so-called Hubble law. We analyze
in detail the scientific contents of this outstanding work, we describe how it
remained unread or poorly appreciated until 1930, and we list and explain the
differences between the 1927 and 1931 versions. Indeed the English translation
published in 1931 in MNRAS was not perfectly faithful to the original text - it
was updated. As it turned out very recently, the updates were done by
Lema\^itre himself, but the discrepancies between the two texts caused a
temporary stir among historians. Our new translation - given in the Appendix -
follows the 1927 version exactly.Comment: 25 pages, 3 figures, to be published in Gen. Rel. Gra
New Developments in the Search for the Topology of the Universe
Multi-connected Universe models with space idenfication scales smaller than
the size of the observable universe produce topological images in the catalogs
of cosmic sources. In this review, we present the recent developments for the
search of the topology of the universe focusing on three dimensional methods.
We present the crystallographic method, we give a new lower bound on the size
of locally Euclidean multi-connected universe model of
based on this method and a quasar catalog, we discuss its successes and
failures, and the attemps to generalise it. We finally introduce a new
statistical method based on a collecting correlated pair (CCP) technique.Comment: 20 pages, 13 figures, Proceedings of the XIXth Texas meeting, Paris
14-18 december 1998, Proceedings of the XIXth Texas meeting, Eds. E. Aubourg,
T. Montmerle, J. Paul and P. Peter, article-no: 04/2
Creation, Chaos, Time : from Myth to Modern Cosmology
Every society has a story rooted in its most ancient traditions, of how the
earth and sky originated. Most of these stories attribute the origin of all
things to a Creator - whether God, Element or Idea. We first recall that in the
Western world all discussions of the origin of the world were dominated until
the 18th century by the story of Genesis, which describes the Creation as an
ordered process that took seven days. Then we show how the development of
mechanistic theories in the 18th century meant that the idea of an organized
Creation gave way to the concept of evolution, helped by the fact that in the
19th century astrophysicists discovered that stars had their origin in clouds
of gas. We conclude with Big bang theory, conceived at the beginning of the
20th century, that was subsequently developed into a more or less complete
account of the history of the cosmos, from the supposed birth of space, time
and matter out of the quantum vacuum until the emergence of life (at least on
our planet Earth, and much probably elsewhere) and beyond.Comment: 15 pages, 0 figur
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